Bluce学英语外刊精读笔记：世界存亡一指间”：帮助避免美苏核战爆发的男人[01]-英语人才会断点吉他谱
Stanislav Petrov, Soviet Officer Who Helped Avert Nuclear War, Is Dead at 77世界存亡一指间”：帮助避免美苏核战爆发的男人BySEWELL CHANSeptember 19, 2017 SEWELL CHAN2017年9月19日
感谢Bluce学英语外刊精读笔记互享群3号所做笔记笔记
Avert
[动词 + 名词短语]
to prevent sth bad or dangerous from happening防止，避免（危险、坏事）
A disaster was narrowly averted. 及时防止了一场灾难。
He did his best to avert suspicion. 他尽量避嫌。
~ your eyes, gaze, face (from sth) to turnyour eyes, etc. away from sth that you do not want to see 转移目光；背过脸
She averted her eyes from the terrible scenein front of her.
她背过脸烟花无限翻 ，不去看面前可怕的场面。、
Early on the morning of Sept. 26, 1983, StanislavPetrov helped prevent the outbreak of nuclear war.
译文1983年9月26日上午，斯坦尼斯拉夫·彼得罗夫(Stanislav Petrov)帮助避免了一场核战争的爆发。
笔记
Outbreak
the sudden start of sthunpleasant, especially violence or a disease （暴力、疾病等坏事的）爆发，突然发生
the outbreak of war战争的爆发an outbreak of typhoid伤寒的爆发
Outbreaks of rain areexpected in the afternoon.下午将有暴雨。
同义词
dawn(literary)
Thedawnofa periodof time or a situation is the beginning of it.
the dawnof the radio age
epidemic
anepidemic of racist crimes
explosion
anexplosion of violence in the country's capital
flash
You talkaboutaflashofsomethingwhen you are saying that it happens very suddenly and unexpectedly.
The essaycould do with a flash of wit.
opening
theopening of peace talks
outburst
outset
a start;beginning (esp in the phrasefrom(orat)the outset)
Decide atthe outset what kind of learning programme will suit you best.
rash
a rash ofinternet-related companies
spasm
Aspasmis asudden strong pain or unpleasant emotion which lasts for a short period oftime.
He felt aspasm of fear.
A 44-year-old lieutenant colonel in the Soviet Air Defense Forces上古神虫 , he was a few hours into his shift as the duty officer at Serpukhov-15, the secretcommand center outside Moscow where the Soviet military monitored itsearly-warning satellites over the United States, when alarms went off.
译文他是苏联空军上校，时年44岁，在莫斯科城外的秘密指挥中心Serpukhov-15工作，那天他当班几个小时之后，苏军监视美国的早期预警卫星警报突然响起来了。
笔记
dutyofficer （警察、军队等的）值勤官，值班员;
Air DefenseForces[法]防空部队;
Shift
A.MOVE 移动
~ (sth) (from…) (to…) to move, or move sth, from one position or place toanother 转移；挪动
[单独使用的动词]
The action of the novel shifts from Paris to London.小说情节从巴黎移到了伦敦陇州社火 。
Lydia shifted uncomfortably in her chair.莉迪亚在椅子上不安地动来动去梦入西游 。
[动词 + 名词短语]
He shifted his gaze from the child to her.他把目光从孩子身上移到她身上。
Could you help me shift some furniture? 你能帮我挪几件家具吗？
She shifted her weight from one foot to the other. 她把身体的重量从一只脚换到另一只脚上。
[单独使用的动词, 动词 + 名词短语] ~ (yourself)(British English,informal) to move quickly 赶快；快速移动
同义词hurry
B.SITUATION/OPINION/POLICY 情况；意见；政策
[单独使用的动词] ~ (from…)(to/towards/toward…) (of a situation荷香散尽 , an opinion, a policy etc. 情况、意见、政策等) to change fromone state, position, etc. to another 变换；更替；变动
Public attitudes towards marriage have shifted over the past 50 years. 50年来，公众对婚姻的态度已经改变。
The balance of power shifted away from workers towards employers.
力量均势从工人向雇主倾斜。
[动词 + 名词短语] ~ sth (from…)(to/towards/toward…) to change your opinion of or attitude towards sth, orchange the way that you do sth 改变观点（或态度、做事方式等）
We need to shift the focus of this debate. 我们需要转换一下辩论的焦点。
The new policy shifted the emphasis away from fighting inflation.
新政策不再把重点放在抑制通货膨胀上。
C.RESPONSIBILITY 责任
[动词 + 名词短语] ~responsibility/blame (for sth) (onto sb) to make sb else responsible for sthyou should do or sth bad that you have done 推卸，转嫁（责任）
He tried to shift the blame for his mistakes onto his colleagues.
他自己犯了错误，却试图把责任推给同事。
D.REMOVE MARK 去除污迹
[动词 + 名词短语] to remove sthsuch as a dirty mark 去除（污迹等）
同义词get rid of
a detergent that shifts even the most stubborn stains能去除极顽固的污渍的洗涤剂
E.SELL GOODS 销售商品
[动词 + 名词短语] to sell goods,especially goods that are difficult to sell 销售灵珠子 ，出售（尤指销路不好的商品）
They cut prices drastically to try and shift stock. 他们大幅度降价，试图销出存货。
F.IN VEHICLE 车辆
[单独使用的动词](North AmercianEnglish) to change the gears when you are driving a vehicle 换（挡）
to shift into second gear
换成二挡
名词A.CHANGE 改变
[可数名词] ~ (in sth) a changein position or direction 改变；转移；转换；变换
a dramatic shift in public opinion公众舆论的急剧变化
a shift of emphasis重点的转移
——see also paradigm shift
B.PERIOD OFWORK 工作时间
[可数名词] a period oftime worked by a group of workers who start work as another group finishes 班；轮班；轮班工作时间
to be on the day/night shift at the factory在工厂上日班 / 夜班
to work an eight-hour shift按每班八小时轮班工作
working in shifts轮班工作
shift workers/work轮班工作的工人；轮班作业
——see also swing shift
[可数名词+单数/复数动词] the workers whowork a particular shift 轮班职工
The night shift has/have just come off duty. 上夜班的刚刚下班。
C.ON COMPUTER 计算机
[不可数名词] the system ona computer keyboard or typewriter that allows capital letters or a differentset of characters to be typed （计算机键盘或打字机上的）转换（键），换档（键）
a shift key转换键
D.CLOTHING 服装
[可数名词] a woman'ssimple straight dress 直筒式连衣裙
[可数名词] a simplestraight piece of clothing worn by women in the past as underwear （旧时妇女穿的）直筒式内衣
军衔名称
Army 陆军General of the Army 五星上将General 上将LieutenantGeneral 中将Major General 少将Brigadier General 准将
Colonel 上校LieutenantColonel 中校Major 少校Captain
上尉First Lieutenant 中尉Second Lieutenant 少尉ChiefWarrant Officer 一级准尉Warrant Officer 二级准尉
Master Sergeant 军士长SergeantFirst Class 上士Sergeant 中士Corporal 下士
Private First Class 一等兵
Private 二等兵Basic Private 三等兵
Air Force 空军General of the Air Force 五星上将General 上将LieutenantGeneral 中将Major General 少将Brigadier General 准将Colonel 上校LieutenantColonel 中校Mayor 少校
Captain 上尉FirstLieutenant 中尉Second Lieutenant 少尉Chief Warrant Officer 一级准尉Warrant Officer 二级准尉
Master Sergeant 军士长TechnicalSergeant 技术军士Staff Sergeant 参谋军士Airman First Class 一等兵Airman Second Class 二等兵Airman Third Class 三等兵
Navy 海军Fleet Admiral 五星上将Admiral 上将Vice Admiral 中将Rear Admiral 少将Commodore 准将Captain 上校Commander 中校Lieutenant Commander 少校Lieutenant 上尉Lieutenant Junior Class 中尉Ensign 少尉Commissioned Warrant Officer 一级准尉Warrant Officer 二级准尉Chief Petty Officer 军士长Petty Officer First Class 上士Petty Officer Second Class 中士Petty Officer Third Class 下士Seaman First Class 一等兵Seaman Second Class 二等兵Apprentice Seaman 三等兵
Marine Corps 海军陆战队General 上将Lieutenant General 中将Major General 少将BrigadierGeneral 准将Colonel 上校Lieutenant Colonel 中校Major 少校
Captain 上尉FirstLieutenant 中尉Second Lieutenant 少尉Commissioned Warrant Officer 一级准尉Warrant Officer 二级准尉
Master Sergeant 军士长TechnicalSergeant 技术军士Staff Sergeant 参谋军士Sergeant 中士Corporal 下士
Private First Class 一等兵
Private 二等兵
Go off
A.go off
to leave a place, especially in order to do sth 离开（尤指去做某事）
She went off to get a drink. 她拿饮料去了。
to be fired; to explode 开火；爆炸
The gun went off by accident. 枪走火了。
The bomb went off in a crowded street. 炸弹在挤满人群的大街上爆炸了。
if an alarm, etc. goes off , it makes a sudden loudnoise （警报器等）突然发出巨响
if a light, the electricity, etc. goes off , itstops working （电灯）熄灭；（电）中断；停止运行
Suddenly the lights went off. 灯突然熄灭了。
The heating goes off at night. 暖气夜间停止供热。
同义词go on
(British English,informal) to fall asleep 入睡；睡着
Hasn't the baby gone off yet? 孩子还没睡着吗？
(British English) if food or drink goes off , itbecomes bad and not fit to eat or drink （食物、饮料）变质，变坏
(British English) to get worse in quality （质量）下降
Her books have gone off in recent years. 她近年写的书质量下降了。
to happen in a particular way （以某种方式）发生
The meeting went off well. 会议进行得很好。
Computers warned that five Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missiles had been launched from an American base.
译文计算机警告说，美国一个基地发射了五枚“民兵”(Minuteman)洲际弹道导弹。
“For 15 seconds, we were in a state of shock,”he later recalled. “We needed to understand, ‘What’s next?’ ”
“有15秒钟的时间里，我们处于震惊状态。”他后来回忆说。“我们需要明白‘下一步怎么办？’”
笔记
回忆
动词1. call to mind; look back upon; recollect; recall:
beyondrecall; 回忆不起来了
Thesight recalled the days of childhood to me. 那情景使我回忆起童年。
名词2.memory; palinmnesis; reminiscence:
awakenrecollection;唤起对往事的回忆a painful recollection痛苦的回忆
The alarm sounded during one of the tensestperiods in the Cold War. Three weeks earlier, the Soviets hadshot down a Korean AirLinescommercial flight after it crossed into Sovietairspace, killing all 269 people on board,including a congressman from Georgia. President Ronald Reagan had rejected callsfor freezing the arms race, declaring the Soviet Union an “evil empire.” The Soviet leader,Yuri V. Andropov, was obsessed by fears of an American attack.
警报响起的时候，正是冷战最紧张的时期之一。三周前，大韩航空的一个商业航班在进入苏联领空后被击落，造成269人死亡，机上还有一名美国乔治亚州的众议员。罗纳德·里根(Ronald Reagan)总统拒绝了冻结军备竞赛的呼吁，声称苏联是一个“邪恶帝国”。苏联领导人尤里·V·安德罗波夫(Yuri V. Andropov)极为担心美国会发起攻击。周毅火
Colonel Petrov was at a pivotal point in the decision-making chain. His superiors at the warning-system headquarters reported to the general staff of the Soviet military, which would consult withMr. Andropov on launching a retaliatory attack.
彼得罗夫上校处在这个决策链的关键位置上。他在警戒系统总部的上司向苏军总参谋部汇报了情况，而总参谋部将与安德罗波夫商量是否要发动报复性袭击。
笔记
at a pivotal point在关键时刻zero hour 零时，发动进攻的时刻，关键时刻;
superior
adj.
（级别、地位）较高的;（在质量等方面）较好的; （数量）较多的; 上等的;
n.
上级;较好的人[事物]，优胜者; 修道院院长; 方丈;
revengeful; vengeful vindictive; retaliatory报复的
After five nerve-racking minutes — electronic maps and screens wereflashing as he held a phone in one hand and an intercom in the other, trying to absorb streams of incoming information — Colonel Petrov decided that the launchreports were probably a false alarm.
经过极为紧张的5分钟——电子地图和屏幕在闪烁梁永斌 ，他一手拿着电话，一手拿着对讲机，试图厘清状况——彼得罗夫上校判定，这个发射报告可能是一个假警报金刚组 。
笔记
rack
( also less frequent wrack) [动词 + 名词短语][常用被动态] to make sbsuffer great physical or mental pain 使痛苦不堪；使受折磨
to be racked with/by guilt深感内疚
Her face was racked with pain.她满脸的痛苦。
Violent sobs racked her whole body. 剧烈的抽泣使她全身抽搐。
(British English)a racking cough剧烈的咳嗽
习语
rack your brain(s)
to think very hard or for a long time aboutsth 绞尽脑汁；冥思苦想
She racked her brains, trying to rememberexactly what she had said.
她绞尽脑汁，想要回忆起她到底说过些什么话。
动词短语
rack up sth (especially NorthAmerican English) to collect sth, such as profits or losses in a business, orpoints in a competition 累积；聚集（某物）；累计（得分）
As he later explained高铁风云录 , it was a gutdecision, at best a “50-50” guess, based on his distrust of the early-warning system and the relative paucity of missiles that were launched.
后来他解释说，这是他的直觉，最多只算是一个“五五开”的猜测，根本原因是他对预警系统不太信任，而且发射的导弹数量也相对较少。
笔记
缺乏不足 deficiency; want; dearth ;deficit ;famine;paucity; scantiness; scarcity
过度充足 surfeit abundance adequacy amplitudeopulence sufficiency
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